Computer Organization

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210252: COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
Teaching Scheme Examination Scheme
Lectures: 3 Hrs/Week Theory: 100 Marks
Pre requisites: Digital Electronics and Logic Design (Subject Code: 210243)
Learning Objectives
1. To understand the structure, function and characteristics of computer systems
2. To understand the design of the various functional units of digital computers
3. To learn basics of Parallel Computer Architecture.

UNIT I
Computer Evolution & Arithmetic
A Brief History of computers, Designing for Performance, Von Neumann
Architecture, Computer Components, Interconnection Structures, Bus Interconnection,
Scalar Data Types, Fixed and Floating point numbers, Signed numbers, Integer
Arithmetic, 2’s Complement method for multiplication, Booths Algorithm, Hardware
Implementation, Division, Restoring and Non Restoring algorithms, Floating point
representations, IEEE standards, Floating point arithmetic. (8 Hrs)

UNIT II
The Central Processing Unit
Machine Instruction charactertics, types of operands, types of operations, Addressing,
Instuction formats, Processor organization, Register Organization, Instruction cycles,
Instruction pipelining, ALU – Combinational ALUs and Sequential ALUs. (6 Hrs)

UNIT III
The Control Unit
Single Bus Organization, Control Unit Operations: Instruction sequencing, Micro
operations and Register Transfer. Hardwired Control: Design methods – State table
and classical method, Design Examples - Multiplier CU. Micro-programmed Control:
Basic concepts, Microinstructions and micro- program sequencing
. (6 Hrs)

UNIT IV
Memory Organization
Characteristics of memory systems, Internal and External Memory, Types of
memories: ROM: PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, RAM: SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM,
RDRAM High-Speed Memories: Cache Memory, Organization and Mapping
Techniques, Replacement Algorithms, Cache Coherence, MESI protocol. Virtual
Memory: Main Memory allocation, Segmentation, Paging, Address Translation.
Secondary Storage: Magnetic Disk, Tape, DAT, RAID, Optical memory,
CDROM, DVD (6 Hrs)

UNIT V
I/O Organization: Input/Output Systems, Programmed I/O, Interrupt Driven I/O, I/O
channels, Direct Memory Access (DMA), Buses and standard Interfaces:
Synchronous, Asynchronous, Parallel, Serial, PCI, SCSI, USB Ports Working
mechanisms of Peripherals: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanners, Video Displays, Touch
Screen panel, Dot Matrix, Desk-jet and Laser Printers. OS Support: OS Overview,
Scheduling and Memory Management (6 Hrs)

UNIT VI
Parallel Organizations
Superscalar Processors, Multiple Processor Organizations, Symmetric
Multiprocessors, Clusters, Nonuniform Memory Access, Vector Computations, Bus
allocation Schemes.
RISC: Instruction execution characteristics, use of large register file, compiler based
register optimization, RISC architecture and pipelining. RISC Vs CISC (8 Hrs)
Text Books:
1. W. Stallings, “Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for
performance”, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall of India, 2003, ISBN 81 – 203 – 2103 – 0
2. C. Hamacher, V. Zvonko, S. Zaky, “Computer Organization”, McGraw Hill, 2002
Reference Books:
1. J. Hays, “Computer Architecture and Organization”, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill,
1988 ISBN 0 – 07 – 100479 – 3
2. W. Stallings William, “Computer Organization and Architecture: principles of
structure and function”, 2nd Ed, Maxwell Macmillan Editions, 1990 ISBN 0 – 02 –
946297 – 5 (Chapter: 2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14).
3. A. Tanenbaum, “Structured Computer Organization”, 4th Ed, Prentice Hall of
India, 1991 ISBN 81 – 203 – 1553 – 7 (Chapter: 1,4,5,6,8).
4. G. George, “Computer Organization: Hardware and Software”, 2nd Edition,
Prentice Hall of India, 1986 (Chapter: 3,4,5).
5. D. Paterson, J. Hennesy, “Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware
Software Interface”, 2nd Edition, Morgan Kauffman, 2000 ISBN 981 – 4033 – 588.